Decision Making: The Essence of the Manager’s Job

1、decision: 決策

A choice from two or more alternatives.

在兩個或更多的方案中做出一個選擇。

2、decision—making process: 決策制定過程

A set of eight steps including identifying a problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.

一個包括識別問題，選擇備案方案以及至終評估決策的結果等8個步驟的過程。

3、problem: 問題

A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.

現狀與希望狀態之間的差異。

4、decision criteria: 決策標準：

criteria that define what’s relevant in a decision.

決定什么與制定決策有關。

5、implementation: 實施

Conveying a decision to those affected and getting their commitment to it.

將決策傳送給有關的人員和部門，并要求他們對實施結果做出承諾。

6、rational decision—making : 理性決策制定

Describes choices that are consistent and value-maximizing within specified constraints.

前后一致的，追求特定條件下價值化的選擇。

7、bounded rationality : 有限理性

Decision—making Behavior that is rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual’s ability to process information.

決策行為表現出有限程度的理性，因為其受制于個人處理信息能力的局限性。

8、satisficing : 滿意

Acceptance of solutions that are “good enough”.

所接受的決策方案只是“足夠好”的。

9、escalation of commitment: 承諾升級：

An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong.

一種在過去決策的基礎上不斷增加承諾的現象，盡管有證據表明，已經做出的決策是錯誤的。

10、intuitive decision--making: 直覺決策

making decision on the basis of experience feeling and accumulated judgment.

基于決策者的經驗，感覺以及積累的判斷所做出的決策。

11、well—structured problems: 結構良好的問題

Straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.

一目了然的，熟悉的，容易定義的問題。

12、programmed decision: 程序化決策

A repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach.

可以通過例行措施處理的、可重復性使用的決策方案。

13、procedure: 程序

A series of interrelated sequential steps that can be used to respond to a well—structured problem.

相互關聯的一系列順序的步驟，管理者遵循這些步驟對結構化的問題做出響應。

14、rule: 規則

An explicit statement that tells managers what they can or cannot do.

一種明確的陳述，它告訴管理者能做什么和不能做什么。

15、policy: 政策

A guideline that establishes parameters for making decisions.

確立一些參數，為決策提供指南。

16、poorly structured problems: 結構不良的問題：

Problems that are new or unusual and for which information is ambiguous or incomplete.

新穎的，不經常發生的，信息模糊的和不完整的問題。

17、nonprogrammed decisions: 非程序化決策

a unique decision that requires a custom—made solution.

唯一的，現裁現做的來解決問題的決策。

18、certainty : 確定性

A situation in which a manager can make accurate decisions because all outcomes are known.

在這種情況下管理者可以制定出精確的決策，因為每一種方案的結果是已知的。

19、risk: 風險性

Those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.

在這種條件下，決策者能夠估計出每一種備擇方案的可能性或者結果。

20、Uncertainty : 不確定性

A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability. estimates available.

在這種情況下，決策制定者既不能肯定它的結果又不能對概率做出合理的估計。

21、directive style : 命令型風格

A decision-making style characterized by low tolerance for ambiguity and a rational way of thinking.

具有較低的模糊承受力的人運用理性的思維方法的一種決策制定風格。

23、conceptual style : 概念型風格

A decision—making style characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.

具有較高的模糊承受力的人運用創造性的思維方法的一種決策制定風格。

24、behavioral style : 行為型風格

A decision—making style characterized by a low tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.

具有較低的模糊承受力的人運用創造性的思維方法的一種決策制定風格。

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