Foundations of Planning

1、Planning : 計劃工作

A process that involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals , and developing a comprehensive set of plans to integrate and coordinate organizational work.

包含定義組織的目標，制定全局戰略以實現目標，以及開發一組廣泛的相關計劃以整合和協調組織工作。

2、Goals: 目標

Desired outcomes for individuals , groups , or entire organizations.

個體、群體和整個組織期望的產出，它提供了所有管理決策的方向，構成了衡量標準，參照這種標準就可以度量實際工作的完成情況。

3、Plan : 計劃

Documents that outline how goals are going to be met including resource allocations , schedules , and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals.

一種文件，它規定了怎么實現目標以及通常表述了資源的分配、進度以及其他實現目標的必要行動。

4、Stated goals : 陳述的目標

Official statements of what an organization says , and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe ,its goals are.

一個組織向外界宣稱的和試圖使各種利益相關者相信的正式的陳述。

5、Real goals : 真實目標

Goals that an organization actually pursues , as defined by the actions of its members .

一個組織真正追求的目標，以及組織成員正在做什么。

6、Strategic plan: 戰略計劃

Plans that apply to the entire organization, establish the organization’s overall goals, and seek to position the organization in terms of its environment.

應用于整體組織的計劃，其任務在于建立組織的全局目標和尋求組織在環境中的定位。

7、Operational plans : 運營計劃

Plans that specify details how the overall goals are to be achieved.

具體規定如何實現全局目標的細節計劃。

8、Long-term plans : 長期計劃

Plans with a time frame beyond three years.

超過3年的計劃。

9、Short-term plans : 短期計劃

Plans covering one year or less.

1年或短于1年期的計劃。

10、Specific plans : 具體計劃

Plans that are clearly defined and that leave no room for interpretation.

清晰定義的和沒有任何解釋余地的計劃。

Plans that are flexible and that set out general guidelines.

一種具有靈活性的計劃，它設立了一般的指導原則。

12、Single-use plan : 一次性計劃

A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation .

指為滿足特定情況需要而設計的一次性計劃。

13、Standing plans : 持續性計劃

Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly.

提供了對重復進行的活動的持續指導。

14、Traditional goal setting : 傳統目標設立過程：

An approach to setting goals in which goals are set at the top lever of the organization and then broken down into subgoals for each lever of the organization .

首先設立組織的至高層目標，然后將其分解為每一個組織層次的目標。

15、Means-ends chain : 手段---目的鏈

An integrated network goals in which the accomplishment of goals at one level serves as the means for achieving the goals, or ends at the next level.

意味著上一層的目標或目的與下一層的目的相聯系，后者成為實現上一層目標的手段。

16、Management by objectives : 目標管理

A management system in which specific performance goals are jointly determined by mployees and their managers, progress toward accomplishing those goals is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on basis of this progress.

在這種管理體系下，雇員與他的管理者共同確定具體的績效目標，然后定期的評審實現目標方面的進展情況。

17、Mission : 使命

The purpose of an organization.

就是組織的目的。

18、Commitment concept: 承諾概念

Plans should extend far enough to meet those commitments made when the plans were developed.

意味著計劃應該擴展到未來足夠長的期限，以滿足這些承諾和投入的實現。

19、Formal planning department: 正式計劃部門

A group of planning specialists whose sole responsibility is helping to write various organizational plans.

一組專職的計劃專家負責制定各種各樣的組織計劃。

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